关键词:岳麓环球雅思辅导,雅思 环球雅思 岳麓环球雅思辅导,雅思
长沙环球雅思培训学校专注雅思培训,长沙环球教育开设雅思小班、雅思基础班、雅思强化班、雅思封闭住宿班等,同时开设SAT、GRE、AP、ACT、出国留学等服务,针对不同学员的自身情况量身定制。岳麓环球雅思辅导,雅思长沙雅思培训,长沙出国语言培训,雅思辅导班、雅思备考,长沙环球雅思经典格言:一个人承受孤独的潜质有多大,他的潜质就有多大。。
岳麓环球雅思辅导,雅思 雅思模拟试题在雅思备考过程中所起的作用不可小觑,通过模拟练习题,我们可以很直接地了解到自己的备考状况,从而可以更有针对性地进行之后的复习。希望以下内容能够对大家的雅思备考有所帮助!
The Triumph of Unreason
Part I
Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage1 below.
The Triumph of Unreason?
A.
Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.
B.
The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?
C.
One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.
D.
In a study, the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round of the task, the researchers first presented the product and then its price, with each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage, which also lasted four seconds, they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers were taking part in the experiment, the researchers scanned their brains using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, as an indication of its activity.
E.
The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed. Moreover, the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.
F.
When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activity in other parts of the brain. Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex, a brain region linked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures. The researchers also found greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.
G.
Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too. This part of the brain is involved in rational calculation. In the experiment its activity seemed to correlate with a volunteer's reaction to both product and price, rather than to price alone. Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higher activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and this often preceded a decision to buy.
H.
People's shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old neural circuits evolved for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards. What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation of the assessment of the product (which seems to be associated with the nucleus accumbens) from the assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex), even though the two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that rather than weighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodox economics suggests happens, people actually balance the immediate pleasure of the prospective possession of a product with the immediate pain of paying for it.
I.
That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful object is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time), the future utility of what is being given up is embedded in the object being traded. Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason. Buying on credit, though, may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with the deferment of payment that they promise, may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”.
J.
Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that the three researchers are now designing. These will test whether people with distinctly different spending behaviour, such as miserliness and extravagance, experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. They will also assess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the pain compared with paying by cash. If they find that it does, then credit cards may have to join the list of things such as fatty and sugary foods, and recreational drugs, that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the time but can have a long and malign aftertaste.
长沙环球雅思培训
长沙雅思培训,长沙出国语言培训,雅思辅导班、雅思备考,长沙环球雅思经典格言:春风得意马蹄疾,一日看尽长安花。--《登科后》。
雅思常规班 | 雅思5分冲6分10人班 | 雅思5.5分冲6.5分10人班 |
雅思6分进阶中型班 | 雅思6.5分进阶中型班 | 雅思名师7分班 |
雅思6分尊享6人班 | 雅思6分进阶6人班 | 雅思VIP班 |
雅思6.5分尊享6人班 | 雅思特训7分6人班 | 雅思8周捷达6分班 |
雅思封闭班 | 雅思全程精讲5.5分班 | 雅思封闭5.5-6分5人班 |
雅思封闭6-6.5分5人班 | 雅思封闭6.5-7分5人班 | 雅思在线班 |
雅思4.5-5分3人班 | 岳麓环球雅思辅导,雅思 | 雅思5.5-6分3人班 |
雅思6-6.5分3人班 | 雅思6.5-7分3人班 | 雅思单项班 |
雅思写作考前集训6人班 | 雅思口语考前集训6人班 |
长沙环球教育_环球雅思校区_托福培训地址-环球教育网,岳麓环球雅思辅导,雅思
长沙环球教育专注出国留学课程指导,包含雅思、托福、ACT、SAT等留学英语辅导,在长沙等各地开设多所校区,提升英语听说读写能力。为学生出国留学进行全方位指导。长沙雅思培训,长沙出国语言培训,雅思辅导班、雅思备考,长沙环球雅思经典格言:奋斗者的路上,风雨成了一道风景,风雨后的阳光,亦会更加灿烂。岳麓环球雅思辅导,雅思。
长沙环球雅思,始于1997年。专注于提供雅思、托福、SAT等学习考试培训,开设雅思培训一对一、托福培训一对一、SAT培训班、GMAT/GRE培训班以及国际课程的学习。拥有24年的丰富教学经验。岳麓环球雅思辅导,雅思长沙雅思培训,长沙出国语言培训,雅思辅导班、雅思备考,长沙环球雅思经典格言:经历过;才会明白;有付出才有回报。。
2170元 雅思考试 报名费 | 2220元 用于英国签证及 移民的 雅思考试报名费 |
1350元 雅思生活技能类 考试报名费 | 420元 雅思考试 转考费 |
420元 雅思考试 退考费 | 1400元 雅思考试成绩 复议费 |
60元/份 额外成绩单寄送 第六份 额外成绩单起 |
长沙环球雅思
长沙环球教育始于1997,25年专注雅思提分。环球教育的教学模式运用了国际先进的测评体系和严谨科学的模拟题库,在短期内专业有效地帮助学员,不仅关注学员起点水平,更加关注学习进程,随时调整课程设计,匹配综合能力,帮助学员高效实现预期目标,达到出国的标准
学校名称:长沙环球雅思学校
固定电话:188-9001-4593
授课地址:湖南省长沙市芙蓉区五一广场平和堂商务楼 预约参观
提交后,免费为您匹配专业课程